active cell In a spreadsheet program, the cell in which the cell pointer is located.
adapter A circuit board that provides additional capabilities for a computer; also called an expansion card.
address A location in a computer system, identified by a name, number, or code label.
address bus A set of wires running from the central processing unit (CPU) to random-access memory (RAM).
airline reservation system A computerized reservation system that uses large computer complexes with large databases and thousands of terminals worldwide.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) A computerized system that performs air traffic control tasks; ATC was necessitated by increased air traffic and enabled by the expanding capabilities of computers.
algorithm A step-by-step mathematical or logical procedure.
a-life See artificial life.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) A standard computer character set consisting of 96 upper- and lowercase letters along with 32 nonprinting control characters.
analog signal Electrical representation of sound waves.
analytical engine A device planned by Charles Babbage in the nineteenth century. Never completed, this device would have been a full modern computer with an IPOS cycle and punched cards for data input.
anchor To fix text or a graphic in an absolute position on the page.
animation The creation of animated characters, objects, and other visual effects by computer. Computer-generated animation, which provides faster results and requires less manpower, is used in most visual media, from multimedia games to motion pictures.
antiskid braking system (ABS) A microprocessor-controlled system in cars that controls braking and prevents skidding; also called an antilock breaking system.
application software A program or software that performs a specific task, such as word processing or database management.
application program A program or software that performs a specific task, such as word processing or database management.
application program/application software A program or software that performs a specific task, such as word processing or database management.
Archie A program that lets the user search an index of files that can be downloaded from other servers using anonymous FTP.
archiving The practice of storing old data files on separate disks to make room for new files on the hard disk. Businesses often use WORM CDs for archiving.
arithmetic-logic unit The portion of the central processing unit that makes all the decisions for the microprocessor, based on the mathematical computations and logic functions that it performs.
article A message contributed to a Usenet group.
artificial intelligence A computer science field that tries to give computers some characteristics of human intelligence, such as the capability to understand natural language and to reason.
artificial life (a-life) A new area of research in which a "life-form" is created within the computer and is used to test evolutionary theories or theories of life-form behavior.
ASCII See American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
assembler A program that transforms an assembly language program into machine language so that a computer can execute the program.
assembly language A program language in which each program statement corresponds to an instruction that the processing language can carry out.
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) An organization featuring many special-interest groups in such areas as databases, artificial intelligence, microcomputers, and computer graphics.
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) A wide area network design that uses high-speed switching devices to route messages.
asynchronous transmission One of two transmission modes in which each byte is marked with a start bit and a stop bit. Because this method results in lower communication speeds, telephone lines use asynchronous communication.
atom switch A switch that moves a single atom, bonds it in the new location, and later moves the atom back if needed.
authoring software Software that enables the user to blend audio files, video, and animation with text and traditional graphics.
automated teller machine (ATM) A specialized computer terminal that enables customers to make deposits, withdraw funds, and transfer funds between accounts without having to interact with a human teller.
automation The replacement of human workers by machines.
Automotive Stability Management System (ASMS) A system that uses sensors to detect and control sideways momentum, steering-wheel position, rotation of each wheel, and cornering rate of a car in order to overcome any driver error and make skidding virtually impossible.
Autonomous Land Vehicle in the Neural Network (ALVINN) An experimental smart car, being developed in the U.S., that can drive itself.
AutoPlay A Windows 95 feature that automatically begins playing a CD when it is inserted into the CD drive.
back-end processor One of several processors in a mainframe computer system that is used to handle data retrieval operations.
backup file A copy of a file created as a safety precaution in case anything happens to the original.
bad sector A flawed portion of a disk that can no longer be used to store data.
bandwidth A measurement, expressed in cycles per second or bits per second (bps), of the amount of information that can flow through a channel.
bar code reader An input device that scans bar codes and then converts the bar code into a number on-screen.
bar graph A graph with horizontal or vertical bars, commonly used to show the values of unrelated items.
baseband coaxial cable A cable capable of carrying one signal at a time at a rapid pace.
Basic Input/Output System chip A ROM chip that is built into the computer's memory and that checks the input and output devices when the system is started.
batch processing The processing of one program instruction after another without user intervention.
bay A space in a computer system that can hold a hard drive, floppy drive, tape drive, or CD-ROM drive.
benchmark A standard measurement used to test the performance of different brands of equipment.
Bernoulli disk A removable hard disk, consisting of a single platter encased in a plastic cartridge.
binary digit A number that uses a base 2 number system rather than a decimal (or base 10) number system.
biometric identification A new field that uses unique physical characteristics to confirm an individual's identity instead of using a driver's license, credit cards, or debit cards.
BIOS See Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) chip.
bit The basic unit of information in a binary numbering system.
bit mapping The turning on or off of individual screen pixels in order to create an image.
bits per second (bps) A measurement of transmission in asynchronous communication.
block A rectangular group of cells that is treated as a unit for a given operation.
body text font A font used for the main part of a document, designed to be easily read.
boldface A character emphasis visibly darker and heavier in weight than normal type.
Boolean logic A system that uses the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT to refine the scope of an online search.
Boolean operators The logical operators AND, OR, and NOT, used to specify the logical relationship between two quantities or concepts; used in online searching. Boolean operators are also called logical operators.
boot To load an operating system into primary storage and prepare a computer for use.
booting See boot.
boot sector virus A virus that loads each time the computer is booted and can make the data stored on a disk inaccessible.
branch prediction A module that tries to predict the most effective way to route an instruction through the microprocessor.
bridge In local area networks, a device that enables two similar networks to exchange data.
broadband coaxial cable A cable capable of carrying more than one signal at a time.
brownout A period of low-voltage power flow.
bubble memory A magnetic representation of data on the surface of semiconductor chips. Each bubble represents a binary 1; the absence of a bubble represents a binary 0.
bug A programming error that causes a program or computer to perform erratically, produce incorrect results, or crash.
bulletin board system (BBS) A computer system that enables computer users to access the system, send and receive e-mail messages, and get computer files.
bundle The inclusion of software with a computer system as part of the system's total price.
burn-in A phenomenon that occurs when an image is left on-screen for a long time, creating an after-image.
bus A highway of parallel wires along which signals are sent from one part of the computer to another.
bus topology The physical layout of a local area network that does not use a central or host computer. Instead, each node manages part of the network, and information is transmitted directly from one computer to another.
bus width The number of bits, such as 16 or 32, that can travel through the bus at the same time.
byte Eight bits grouped together to represent a character (a letter, number, or symbol).
cache A temporary storage space for frequently accessed program instructions.
cache memory A specialized chip used with the computer's memory to provide a storage area that keeps frequently used accessed data or program instructions readily available.
callback system A method of network control that serves as a deterrent to misuses of data and system sabotage by verifying the code and telephone number of the individual trying to access the system.
carpal tunnel syndrome A painful swelling of the tendons and the sheaths around them in the wrist, usually caused when the median nerve is pinched.
case A programming construct in which a complex set of decisions is based on a single item.
cathode-ray tube monitor (CRT) The large monitor connected to a desktop computer. The monitor's vacuum tube uses an electron gun to emit a beam of electrons that illuminates phosphorus on-screen as the beam sweeps across the screen repeatedly.
CD-Erasable (CD-E) CD-ROM technology that enables users to store, access, and reuse disks in the same way that floppy disks can be used.
CD-Recordable (CD-R) CD-ROM technology that enables users to write to as well as read a compact disk.
CD-ROM See Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM).
CD-ROM drive A read-only disk drive designed to read the data encoded on compact disks and to transfer this data to a computer.
cell A rectangle formed by the intersection of a row and column in a spreadsheet. You enter text or numbers into a cell.
cell address A letter and number combination, such as B4 or D7, that identifies by column and row a cell's location on a spreadsheet.
cell entry line An area or box usually located just above a spreadsheet.
cellular telephone system A system of transmitting data by means of portable computers and telephones.
central processing unit (CPU) The computer's processing and control circuitry.
character Any letter, number, punctuation mark, or symbol produced on-screen by the press of a key on the keyboard.
character printer A printer that produces only one character (a letter, number, punctuation mark, or symbol) at a time.
child element A lower-level segment, or group of fields, in a hierarchy.
client On a network, any computer that can access the server.
client program A program that runs on a computer and helps the user use File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
client-server architecture The structure of Web technology, consisting of two parts: a client and a server. The server is where information that a user accesses is stored; the client is software that enables a user to access the information.
client/server model A model that uses one or more computers on the network as servers and uses the other computers on the network as clients.
clip art A collection of graphic images stored on disk and available for use in a page layout or presentation graphics program.
clip art libraries Large collections of clip art.
Clipper chip A chip that automatically encrypts all data received or sent over digital communication lines.
clock speed The number of times that a computer's internal clock pulses in one second.
closed bus system A bus system that comes with established ports into which cables attached to peripheral devices can be plugged.
cluster The basic unit of storage on a floppy or hard disk; a cluster includes two or more sectors.
coaxial cable A high-bandwidth connecting cable in which an insulated wire runs through the middle of the cable.
column A vertical block of cells in a spreadsheet, usually identified by a unique alphabetical letter.
command-line interface An interface for which commands must be memorized and correctly typed.
command interpreter Another term for the user interface, the part of the system software that communicates with the user; also called the job control language (JCL).
common carrier Telephone companies such as AT&T, Sprint, and MCI that offer dedicated lines, microwave communications, and satellite services.
communication channel The physical link between two computers.
communications program A program that enables a computer to communicate with other computers through the telephone system.
communications satellite A satellite placed in a geosynchronous orbit and rotating with the earth so that the satellite is always in the same spot relative to the earth.
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) A popular and inexpensive optical disk that comes prerecorded and is a read-only storage medium.
compatible The capability of a device, program, or adapter to function with or substitute for a given make and model of computer, device, or program.
competency A professional standard requiring a computer professional to keep up with the latest developments in the industry.
compiler A program that reads the statements written in a human-readable programming language and translates the computer-aided software engineering and complete program into a machine-readable executable program.
complex instruction set computer (CISC) A central processing unit that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions and carry out most computations directly.
compucops Small computers, with 486 microprocessors and resembling ATMs, that are used on street corners in the Netherlands for reporting crimes.
computer A machine that can follow instructions to alter data and perform at least some operations without human intervention.
computer engineer A hardware-oriented professional who designs new computers and peripheral hardware.
computer fraud The access of a computer by an unauthorized individual. Examples of computer fraud include embezzling funds, stealing from customers, falsifying data, and gathering data to use for blackmail.
computer hobbyist An individual who enjoys pushing his or her computer skills to the limit.
computer information system (CIS) A computer system in which all the components are designed to work together.
computer literacy Sufficient computer knowledge to prepare an individual for working and living in a computerized society.
computer matching A method used by the federal government to cross-link the information stored in different computers.
computer network A system of two or more computers linked with a direct, high-speed connection.
computer operator A person who keeps computer equipment functioning smoothly.
Computer Output Microfilm/Microfiche (COM) A cost-efficient and fast means of producing and storing computer output by using microfilm or microfiche.
computer professional An individual who has taken intermediate and advanced courses in computer education. Computer professionals apply their training to improve the performance, ease of use, and efficiency of computer systems.
computer repair technician An individual who deals with breakdowns in computers and other related equipment.
computer scientist A computer professional who develops systems software and personal productivity software.
computer virus A program designed to alter or destroy the software or data stored on a computer system. Computer viruses can be passed from one computer to another on floppy disks, over networks, and over remote modem connections.
computer vision syndrome (CVS) Vision problems that result from focusing closely on a computer screen for long periods of time, from poor lighting, or from glare.
computerized infrared reflectoscopy A technique using infrared light to inspect drawn art and gain insight into the artists painting process.
computer-aided design (CAD) Software used to create architectural drawings, product designs, landscaping plans, and engineering drawings.
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) Software used in the manufacturing of products.
computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Software that provides tools to help with every phase in systems development and enables developers to create data flow diagrams, data dictionary entries, and structure charts; also a methodology that uses microcomputers and software, as well as procedures to aid the systems developer.
computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) Software that provides tools to help with every phase in systems development and enables developers to create data flow diagrams, data dictionary entries, and structure charts; also a methodology that uses microcomputers and software, as well as procedures to aid the systems developer.
computer-aided software engineering and computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) Software that provides tools to help with every phase in systems development and enables developers to create data flow diagrams, data dictionary entries, and structure charts; also a methodology that uses microcomputers and software, as well as procedures to aid the systems developer.
computer-based tutorial (CBT) A type of intelligent tutoring program that is tailored to the student's level of subject mastery and can provide immediate feedback.
computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) The integration of computer technology with manufacturing processes.
computing process Everything and everyone necessary for a computer to perform a useful task.
condition A programming construct in which one set of instructions is executed if a condition is true, and a different set of instructions is executed if the condition is false; also called a decision.
Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) A conference that led to the development of the network database.
configuration file A file, created for an application program, that stores the choices you make when you install the program so that they are available each time the program starts.
connectivity The extent to which a computer or program can function in a network.
contact management software Software designed to help keep track of contacts by maintaining a list of addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers. Information is also maintained through the use of a notepad, automatic telephone dialing with a modem, and search and sort capabilities.
control module The top module (or box) in a structure chart used to indicate tasks a program must accomplish. The control module oversees the transfer of control to the other modules.
control panel In Lotus 1-2-3, a special area at the top of the screen that contains the main menu and the edit line.
control unit A component of the central processing unit that obtains program instructions and sends signals to carry out these instructions.
conversion utility A special translation program that enables word processing programs to read files.
copyrighted software Software legally protected against copying or being used without paying for it.
cost/benefit analysis An analysis of the cost of something and the benefits, both tangible and intan-gible.
CRT See cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor.
cracker Someone who tries illegally to break into a secure computer system.
crash conversion The changing over of existing data files to the format of a new system by abruptly stopping the old system and starting the new system. See also direct conversion.
credit card fraud The use of a credit card or its number by an unauthorized individual to purchase items or acquire funds.
crop To trim an image to show only part of the original image. Cropping may involve determining the amount of white space to include around the image, as well as wrapping text around it.
current cell The cell in which the pointer is positioned.
customer support technician A person who works help lines in order to answer customer questions and solve problems.
cutting and pasting Moving text by deleting it from one location and inserting it in another.
cyberphobia An extreme and irrational fear of computers.
cyberporn Online pornography.
cyberspace The virtual space created by computer systems.
cylinder All the tracks and sectors in the same relative location on a disk pack.
data access time The time needed for a computer to locate and transfer data to primary memory.
data bus A bus that connects the CPU and memory, providing a pathway to the computer's peripherals.
data definition language (DDL) One of four parts of a database management system (DBMS) used to define the structure of the database.
data dependence The dependence of data on the application in which the data is stored; data dependence occurs when data files from different applications are incompatible and cannot be linked.
data entry personnel Individuals who key in data from source documents.
data file A file, created by a program, in which data is stored.
data integrity The validity and consistency of the data in all applications.
data manipulation language (DML) One of four parts of a database management system (DBMS); DML includes all commands that enable a user to manipulate and use the database.
Data Processing Management Association (DPMA) The premier organization for CIS personnel and managers.
data redundancy The repetition of the same data in two or more data records.
data security Features included in database packages to protect data from individuals not authorized to use it.
data storage hierarchy The organization of data from smallest (bit) to largest (database).
data transfer rate The rate at which two modems can exchange data.
data transfer time The time required to transfer data to primary memory.
database A collection of related information electronically stored and organized in a useful manner that acts as a base for retrieving information.
database administrator The person who oversees a database. The database administrator ensures that data is entered correctly, develops procedures for the analysis of data, and ensures database security.
database file A file containing data that has been stored in the proprietary file format of a database program.
database management system (DBMS) A program that organizes data in a database, providing information storage, organization, and retrieval capacities.
debit card A credit card used to transfer funds electronically from a bank account to a business account.
debug The process of finding and fixing bugs (errors) in a computer program.
debugging See debug.
decision A programming construct in which one set of instructions is executed if a condition is true, and a different set of instructions is executed if the condition is false; also called a condition.
decision support system (DSS) A tool to help management analyze data to make decisions on semistructured problems.
dedicated line A special conditioned telephone line that directly and permanently connects two computers.
default value A common formatting value that a program uses when some other formatting value isn't specified.
defragmentation program A utility program that reads all files on a disk and rewrites some of them so that all parts of each file are contiguous.
demodulation In telecommunications, the process of receiving and transforming an analog signal into its digital equivalent so that a computer can use the information.
deskilling The replacement of jobs by machines through automation and advanced technology.
desktop computer A nonportable microcomputer that fits on top of a desk.
desktop publishing (DTP) The combination of text, graphics, and advanced formatting to create inexpensively a visually appealing document.
desktop videoconferencing Conferencing by computer; software enables conferees to see each other and discuss a document viewable on all their screens. Desktop videoconferencing software can be run alone, permitting users to hear each other, or with a camera mounted on top of the monitor to transmit a picture.
dialup access The use of a personal computer and a modem to connect with a computer having direct Internet access.
dialup IP A form of direct access in which a modem and a telephone line are used.
difference engine A steam-driven calculating machine created by Charles Babbage in the nineteenth century and capable of solving equations and printing tables. Technology at the time had not advanced enough to produce this invention.
digital A number representation for something in the real world, such as temperature or time, so that counting can be performed precisely.
digital modem A device that helps linked computers synchronize data transmission and provide error correction.
digital video disc (DVD) A disk that can hold seven to twelve times the amount of data on a CD-ROM, transfer data faster than the fastest CD-ROM today, and record data at your computer.
digitizing The conversion process by which scanners convert images into numeric digits before storing them in the computer; the process of converting data into digital form.
digitizing tablet In computer-aided graphics, a peripheral device used with a pointing device to convert graphics into data that a computer can process.
direct-access file A file in which records are stored according to a position in the file, enabling the computer to read specific records from the file; also called a random-access file.
direct conversion The changing of existing data files to the format of another application.
direct Internet access The capability of a computer to send and receive Internet data packages without an intermediary.
directory An area on a disk where you can store files. A directory listing shows the directory contents by file name. The files in a directory can be programs or data documents.
disaster recovery disk The essential operating system files along with the files necessary to restore the system from backup files in the event of a computer failure.
disaster recovery plan An organization's written plan, with detailed instructions, specifying an alternative computing facility to use for emergency processing until a destroyed computer can be replaced.
disk drive A mechanism designed to store and retrieve information on a floppy disk.
display font An eye-catching font, often used for headings and captions, that is larger than the body font of the document.
distance learning A technique that uses computers and telecommunications to take the classroom to the student at a remote location.
docking station A cabinet containing disk drives, video circuits, and specially designed receptacles for housing a portable computer so that it can use peripheral devices.
documentation The instructions, tutorials, and reference information that provide the information a user needs in order to use a computer system or application.
Dance on Microcomputer (DOM notation) A computer program that produces an animated figure for performing dance routines.
domain name The name that identifies the computer system on which the user has an account.
dot-matrix printer An impact printer that forms text and graphic images by hammering the ends of pins against a ribbon in a pattern (matrix) of dots.
dot pitch The distance between pixels.
double-density disk A disk capable of storing twice as much data as a single-density disk.
double-speed drive A drive providing the minimum level of retrieval speed for multimedia applications.
download To transfer a file from a remote computer to your own computer.
downwardly compatible A capability of hardware or software that runs without modification when using earlier computer components or files created with earlier software versions.
DRAM See dynamic RAM.
drawing program A program that uses object-oriented graphics to produce line art.
dumb terminal A terminal that interacts with the remote computer but cannot process any information.
dynamic RAM (DRAM) A random-access memory chip that is slower than VRAM and is often used on video cards to store video information.
edit line An area or box, usually located just above the spreadsheet, that provides information. To enter values, labels, or other information into the spreadsheet, you type in the edit line; also called a cell entry line.
edutainment A cross between education and entertainment that provides educational material in the form of a game so that the education becomes entertainment.
EEPROM chip Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory chip.
electrochromatic A feature of a car rear-view mirror that adjusts the mirror automatically and protects the driver from the glare of headlights.
electroluminescent display (EL) A small, flat-screen monitor used on laptop computers.
electronic data interchange (EDI) A procedure for the electronic exchange of standard documents through information services.
electronic funds transfer (EFT) A process that enables employees to have their payroll checks automatically deposited to their accounts or have regular monthly payments deducted automatically.
electronic mail (e-mail) The use of a network to send and receive messages.
electronic spreadsheet A computerized version of an accountant's pad; a general-purpose accounting program that enables you to type headings and numbers for calculation.
electronic thesaurus An online thesaurus providing lists of synonyms for words.
e-mail See electronic mail.
embedded computer A computer built into another device, such as a video game player, microwave oven, toaster, VCR, or wristwatch.
emulation The duplication of the functional capability of one device in another device.
end user An individual who uses a computer and its applications to perform tasks and produce results.
end-user development A systems development technique in which the end user develops the system by using a personal computer.
enterprise-wide operation The highest level of operation involving two or more operations within a company that are integrated to improve the operation of the enterprise.
EPROM chip Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory chip that can be programmed and reprogrammed with a special electronic device.
ergonomics The science of designing machines, tools, and computers so that people find them easy and healthful to use.
ethics The branch of philosophy dealing with the determination of what is right or wrong, good or bad.
even parity An error-checking technique that sets an extra bit to 1 if the number of 1 bits in a byte adds up to an odd number.
event In object-oriented programming, a message that causes a procedure (subprogram) attached to the object to respond. The event may be a keystroke or the click of a mouse button.
event-driven programming A term frequently used for object-oriented programming (OOP).
executive information system (EIS) A system that supports management's strategic planning function.
expansion card A circuit board that provides additional capabilities for the computer.
expert system A computer that uses a database of knowledge to draw conclusions; an expert system reasons.
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange (EBCDIC) Character-set coding scheme used to represent 256 standard characters.
extension A three-letter suffix added to a DOS file name; often supplied by the application and indicating the type of application.
external modem A modem with its own case, cables, and power supply, designed to plug into the serial port of a computer.
fall back In modems, to decrease the data transfer rate to accommodate communication with a slower modem.
false drop In an online search, items that are found but are not what you want; words with two meanings often result in false drops.
fax See facsimile transmission.
fax modem A modem that can send and receive faxes as well as computer data.
fiber-optic cable A network cable made from tiny strands of glasslike material that transmit light pulses with very high efficiency and can carry massive amounts of data.
field A space reserved for a specified piece of information in a database record; a column in a database.
fifth-generation language A new level of programming language in which the user gives the instructions to the computer in a natural language, such as English or Japanese.
file A document or other collection of information stored on a disk and identified as a unit by a unique name.
file allocation table (FAT) A hidden on-disk table listing every cluster on a floppy or hard disk.
file infector A virus that is spread from program to program and that damages code, data, or directories.
file management program A program that enables you to work with, organize, and control files, directories, and disks by displaying a disk's directory structure and listing files.
file name A name that you assign to a file when the file is first written on a disk.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) An Internet standard that ensures error-free transmission of program and data files through the telephone system.
filtering software Software that prevents access to places on the Internet where cyberporn is located.
firewall A security method that is used to protect a local area network from unauthorized access through the Internet. Firewall security software usually includes several protection features.
flat file A file that does not permit the information stored within it to be reorganized or linked to data in other files.
flat panel display A smaller monitor that is used on laptops and notebook computers.
flight simulator A program designed to act like the aircraft on which the pilot is training.
floppy disk A removable data storage medium; a magnetically coated flexible circle of mylar plastic.
flowchart A diagram that shows the logic of a program.
follow-up post A reply posted to a Usenet group.
font A complete set of characters with the same typeface, style, and size.
form A user-friendly means of viewing the data stored in a record that makes the database easier to use.
formatting One of the basic tasks handled by the computer's operating system that establishes a pattern for the display, storage, or printing of data; the process of adjusting the appearance of a document.
formula In a spreadsheet program, a cell definition that defines the relationship between two or more values.
fragmentation The storing of a file in noncontiguous sectors on a disk. After files are erased, the operating system divides files and stores them in the first available spaces; the result is slower disk operation.
frame A rectangular area absolutely positioned on the page and containing text, graphics, or both.
freeware Copyrighted software that can be freely copied but not sold.
front-end processor A processor responsible for handling communications to and from all the remote terminals connected to a computer system.
full backup Backing up of everything stored on the computer, recommended at least once a month.
function Built-in calculations that can save you time when entering complex formulas in a spreadsheet program.
fuzzy logic Not a definitive yes or no, on or off kind of logic, but a degree or evaluation kind of logic.
general-purpose program A program used to perform a variety of tasks. Examples are word processing, desktop publishing, electronic spreadsheet, and database programs.
genetic algorithm Research in which scientists let the computer mimic nature in its quest for a solution to a problem.
geographic information system (GIS) A system in which maps of the United States combined with demographic data from the 1990 U.S. census can be used with special software to help companies choose sites for new stores, manufacturing plants, and other facilities or to plan transportation routes.
geosynchronous orbit An orbit in which a satellite rotates with the earth so that the satellite is always above a given spot.
gigabit A unit of measurement approximately equal to 1 billion bits.
gigabyte A unit of measurement approximately equal to 1 billion bytes.
gigaflop One billion floating-point arithmetic operations per second.
global positioning satellite A satellite that circles the earth and enables a properly equipped car, boat, or plane to determine its location.
glyph A symbol, coded in a document, that cannot be seen by the human eye.
graphical user interface (GUI) A design for the part of a program that interacts with the user and uses icons to represent program features.
graphics accelerator An accessory that is built into the video card and can improve Windows' performance by as much as two or three times.
graphics adapter board A graphics board that plugs into an expansion slot inside a computer and has a monitor plugged into the board.
graphics file A file that arranges and stores the information needed to display a graphic.
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) A bit-mapped color graphics file format for IBM-compatible computers. GIF is used to exchange graphics on bulletin boards because of its efficient compression technique for high-resolution graphics.
graphics software A program used to create charts, graphs, and drawings.
groupware A type of software designed for sharing information and communicating easily among networked PCs and workstations. An example is Lotus Notes, which enables the members of workgroups to present ideas, organize information, and obtain feedback.
hard copy Printed computer output, differing from the data stored on disk or in memory.
hard disk A storage medium that uses several rigid disks (platters) coated with a magnetically sensitive material and housed in a hermetically sealed mechanism.
hard disk interface An electronic standard for the connection of a hard disk to a computer.
hardware The electronic components, boards, peripherals, and equipment that make up a computer.
hashing The process in which the position of a record is determined through the use of a mathematical computation to produce an address where the unique key field is stored.
head-mounted display (HMD) A set of head-mounted goggles that is an integral part of virtual reality systems and enables users to feel as if they are exploring a real world created within a computer system.
hierarchical database A database that links data using a hierarchical relationship. The data element at the top of the hierarchy is known as the parent element, and there may be several child elements beneath the parent element. The structure that is created resembles a pyramid or an organizational chart.
hierarchy chart The design tool that shows the top-down design of a program; also called a structure chart.
high-density disk A floppy disk that can store 1M or more of data.
high-level language A programming language, such as C, that crudely resembles human language.
hit In an online search, items that are returned that match your search terms.
home page In a hypertext system (like the World Wide Web), the point of entry to a group of related documents. Also called a welcome page, the home page contains introductory information as well as hyperlinks to related resources.
host computer The computer responsible for managing the network.
host processor A processor responsible for controlling all peripheral devices as well as the mathematical operations of a network.
Human Genome Project A research project seeking to map the genetic plan of a human being.
hyperlink An active visual link that enables the user to move from the current location in the hypertext document to another section or to a separate hypertext document and location.
hypermedia A hypertext system that enables the user to navigate through graphics, sound, animation, and video to find data related to a topic. In a hypermedia system, such as the World Wide Web, you click underlined words in a document to access other resources on other computers.
hypermedia system A hypertext system that enables the user to navigate through graphics, sound, animation, and video to find data related to a topic. In a hypermedia system, such as the World Wide Web, you click underlined words in a document to access other resources on other computers.
hypermedia/hypermedia system A hypertext system that enables the user to navigate through graphics, sound, animation, and video to find data related to a topic. In a hypermedia system, such as the World Wide Web, you click underlined words in a document to access other resources on other computers.
hypertext The nonsequential retrieval of a document's text. The reader pursues trails through the document by means of links.
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) A language designed to transmit documents that can contain different media formats in the same document: text, graphics, movies, sounds, and hypertext links to other documents and resources.
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The rules, or protocol, of the World Wide Web. HTTP is the Internet standard that supports the exchange of information on the Web. HTTP enables Web authors to embed hyperlinks in Web documents.
Hytelnet A tool that helps you access various sites through Telnet.
icon An on-screen symbol that represents a program, a data file, or some other computer entity or function.
Image APB A criminal investigation service that broadcasts images through paging channels. A sketch or photograph of an individual, such as a missing child, can be sent to every officer who has a portable computer and a pager.
imaging device An important diagnostic tool that is able to take a number of images. Examples are the CAT scanner, MRI, and ultrasound imaging.
impact printer A printer that operates by pressing a physical representation of a character against an inked ribbon, forming an impression on the page.
import To bring information from one program into another program.
incremental backup Backing up of only the files in which changes have been made since the last incremental backup.
indexed file A compact file containing information about the physical location of records in a database file that can be accessed directly or sequentially.
indexed sequential file A file whose records can be accessed either directly (randomly) or sequentially; also called an indexed file.
Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) A popular method of file organization because of the flexibility of data retrieval. Many online information services use ISAM files to maintain huge bibliographic databases.
information Data that has been made meaningful and useful.
Information Superhighway A high-speed digital transmission system capable of providing high-speed connectivity to homes, schools, and offices.
information system A computer system specifically designed to help a business process data to produce information.
infrastructure A means of transporting goods and information.
inkjet printer A nonimpact printer that forms an image by spraying ink from a matrix of tiny jets.
input The information entered into a computer for processing purposes.
input device Any peripheral that enables a user to enter data into the computer. Examples are the keyboard, mouse, trackball, voice recognition system, and modem.
insert mode A program mode in which the inserted text pushes existing text to the right and down.
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) A professional society for computer engineers.
instruction set A list of the specific instructions that tell the CPU what to do.
integrate To combine programs or systems for a special purpose.
integrated circuit A semiconductor circuit containing more than one transistor and other electronic components; often referred to as a chip.
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) A popular hard disk interface standard that offers high performance at a low cost.
integrated package A single program that combines the features of a word processing program, an electronic spreadsheet, a database management system, and graphics.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) A system for transmitting voice, video, and data over lines with digital transmission (no analog transmission).
intelligent agent A program that uses some levels of artificial intelligence and is based on general directions rather than specific instructions.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) A system, partly funded by the U.S. government, to develop smart streets and smart cars. Such a system can warn travelers of congestion and suggest alternative routes.
intelligent tutoring program An educational computer program that can adapt based on a student's responses, with the computer selecting material for the student to review.
interactive processing Processing performed while directly connected with and accessible to a computer (online) and done as soon as the data is entered.
interactive television Technology developed by cable television companies and telephone companies to connect PCs to televisions, which are connected by cable to a mainframe computer with a large database. Such a network enables users to shop, play games, watch movies, and obtain financial news by sending messages to the central computer. See also on-demand television.
interlaced monitor A monitor that refreshes every other line.
internal modem A modem designed to fit into the expansion slot of a personal computer.
Internet A system of linked computer networks that facilitates data communication services, often referred to as the "information highway." An international packet-switching network supported mostly by universities, research centers, and government agencies.
Internet protocols The standards that enable computer users to exchange data through the Internet.
interpreter A translator for high-level programming languages that translates and runs the program at the same time.
intranet A network designed to facilitate communications within an organization, as well as with customers and partners.
IPOS cycle The transformation of data into information through input, processing, output, and storage.
iteration A programming construct in which the same set of instructions is executed as many times as necessary to process all the data; also called a loop.
job control language (JCL) Another term for the command interpreter or user interface, which is the part of the system software that communicates with the user.
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) A group that developed a common graphics format used to store digitally encoded pictures.
joystick An alternative pointing device to a keyboard; joysticks are used primarily for games and computer-aided designs.
just-in-time manufacturing A method of monitoring inventory that triggers the manufacturing process only when inventory levels are low.
justification The alignment of text at the left margin, the right margin, or both margins.
key field A unique field used to identify a record in a database.
kilobyte (K) The basic unit of measurement for computer memory and disk capacity, equal to 1,024 bytes.
knowledge base A database of if-then knowledge.
landscape mode Page orientation in which the page width is greater than its height.
laptop computer A portable computer that is light and small enough to be held on your lap.
laser printer A popular nonimpact, high-resolution printer that uses a version of the electrostatic reproduction technology of copying machines.
last-mile problem The lack of local network systems for high-bandwidth multimedia communications that can accommodate the Information Superhighway.
leading The space between the lines of text.
leased line A dedicated line provided by the telephone company.
light pen An input device that uses a light-sensitive stylus to draw on-screen or on a graphics tablet, or to select items from a menu.
line graph A graph that uses lines to show the variations of data over time or to show the relationship between two numeric variables.
line printer A printer that can produce text but not graphics.
liquid crystal display (LCD) A small, flat-screen monitor used with laptop computers.
local area network (LAN) Computers within a limited area that are linked by high-performance cables so that users can exchange information and share hardware, software, and data resources.
logic construct A type of construct (simple sequence, condition, iteration, or case) on which all programs are based.
logic error An error that is the result of an incorrect algorithm.
logistics The planning and carrying out of a complex plan, usually involving moving material and people from one location to another.
loop A programming construct in which the same set of instructions is executed as many times as necessary to process all the data; also called an iteration.
low-level language A language, such as machine language or programming language, that describes exactly the procedures to be carried out by a computer's central processing unit.
macro A series of keystrokes that you define to automate one or more actions.
magnetic disk The most commonly used type of secondary storage for computer programs and data files.
magnetic tape In secondary storage, a sequential, high-capacity mass storage and backup medium.
magneto-optical disk An erasable disk that combines magnetic particles used on tape and disk with new optical technology.
mail merge A utility that draws information from a database and incorporates that information into a form document to create multiple copies of the document.
mainframe computer A multiuser computer designed to meet the computing needs of a large corporation.
maintenance Support required to keep a computer system running properly.
management information system (MIS) A computer-based system that supports the information needs of different levels of management.
massively parallel processors In a supercomputer, a processor containing hundreds of processors so that the supercomputer can perform hundreds of tasks simultaneously.
master file A file containing all the current data relevant to an application.
master page A page showing the way you want the final document to look.
MEDLINE A computer database developed by the National Library of Medicine, with a memory bank of references to 6 million articles from 3,500 medical journals worldwide.
megabyte (M) A measurement of storage capacity equal to approximately 1 million bytes.
megaflop One million floating-point arithmetic operations per second.
megahertz A unit of measurement equal to 1 million cycles per second, commonly used to compare the clock speeds of computers.
membrane-switch keyboard A reliable and durable keyboard that is resistant to hazards like liquids or grease because the keyboard is covered by a protective film.
memory Temporary workspace in a computer.
memory chip A chip located on a computer's motherboard.
microcomputer Any single-user computer with its arithmetic-logic unit and control unit contained on one integrated circuit (the microprocessor); often called a personal computer or PC.
microcomputer specialist A computer specialist who often works with end users by helping them purchase, install, and use their microcomputers.
microfiche A sheet of microfilm that stores reduced images of text or graphic material; provides a fast and cost-effective form of storage for computer output.
microfilm A film that stores reduced images of text or graphic material; provides a fast and cost-effective form of storage for computer output.
microprocessor An integrated circuit containing the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) and control unit of a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
microwave An electromagnetic radio wave that has a very short frequency.
microwave transmission The use of microwaves to transmit data; used by telephone companies and computer networking utilities.
minicomputer A multiuser computer designed to meet the needs of a small organization or a department in a large organization.
MIPS Millions of instructions per second.
mobile data terminal (MDT) The remote terminal that has access to a mainframe computer at the law enforcement agency's headquarters; the mainframe has a database containing vehicle and driver's license information, including outstanding warrants and criminal records.
modem A hardware accessory needed to link two computers through a telephone system.
modular Top-down program design; the programmer starts thinking generally and then works down to specifics.
modulation The conversion of a digital signal to its analog equivalent, especially for the purposes of transmitting signals using telephone lines.
modulation protocol The standards used to govern the speed by which a modem sends and receives information over the telephone lines.
module A box in a structure chart that indicates a major task the program must accomplish.
molecular manufacturing Research in computer technology based on devices that use atom switches; also called nanotechnology.
monitor The complete device that produces an on-screen display; a TV-like display showing the resulting data output.
monochrome A monitor display that shows one color against a black or white background.
monospaced font A typeface in which the width of every character is the same; produces output similar to typed characters.
morphing A special animated graphics technique in which one image appears to change and become something entirely different.
motherboard A large circuit board containing the computer's central processing unit, microprocessor chips, RAM, and expansion slots; also called a mainboard.
Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) A group that developed standards for video compression to improve the quality of the video on a monitor.
mouse A palm-size input device with a ball built into the bottom; used to move a pointer to draw, select options from a menu, modify or move text, and issue commands.
multimedia The presentation of information using graphics, video, sound, animation, and text.
multimedia games Computer games that usually include text, graphics, and sound and that emphasize interactivity.
multimedia system A computer system that includes specialized audio devices, such as microphones, CD-ROM drives, cassette tape drives, and music keyboards.
multiplex central wiring A continuous-wire system in which one wire makes a complete circle throughout the machine, with separate addresses for every function.
multiplexor A device that combines input signals from many computers and sends the combined signal along the communication channel.
multiprocessing The use of multiple processors so that a computer system, workstation, or network server can execute more than one instruction, or process more than one program, at the same time.
multiprogramming The capability to process many programs concurrently for multiple users. Memory is divided and then allocated to the programs being processed concurrently.
multitasking The capability of an operating system to switch between tasks.
multithreading The capability to run different parts of one program on different processors.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) A standard for both cabling and communication between computers and digital musical instruments.
nanotechnology Research in computer technology based on devices that use atom switches; also called molecular manufacturing.
National Information Infrastructure (NII) An infrastructure capable of delivering text, graphics, video, and sound almost instantaneously.
National Research and Educational Network (NREN) A network that will enable linked universities to exchange billions of bits of data per second.
native application A program that is compatible with the microprocessor of a computer.
natural language A human language, such as English or Japanese.
needs assessment A list of all the types of tasks that you want a computer to accomplish.
netiquette A set of unwritten rules governing the use of e-mail and Usenet newsgroups on the Internet.
network browser An application that enables the user to search locations on the Internet.
network cable One of the hardware components needed to create a LAN; this cable can be either a twisted-pair cable or a fiber-optic cable.
network database A database structure that organizes data in a parent-child relationship; all the relationships among the data items must be determined during the design phase. In a network structure, a child can have more than one parent or no parent at all.
network interface card An adapter that enables a user to connect a network cable to a microcomputer.
network operating system The software needed to run a network.
network research specialist A person who conducts research on the Internet and other online services and then writes a report on the results.
neural network Computer circuitry that does not use the linear IPOS design used by most computers today but mimics the structure of the human brain. Neural nets "learn" by trial and error and are very good at recognizing patterns and dealing with complexity.
neural net Computer circuitry that does not use the linear IPOS design used by most computers today but mimics the structure of the human brain. Neural nets "learn" by trial and error and are very good at recognizing patterns and dealing with complexity.
neural net/neural network Computer circuitry that does not use the linear IPOS design used by most computers today but mimics the structure of the human brain. Neural nets "learn" by trial and error and are very good at recognizing patterns and dealing with complexity.
newsgroup An online discussion group.
newsreader A program designed to access Usenet newsgroups.
node In a LAN, a connection point that can create, receive, or repeat a message.
nonimpact printer A printer that forms a text or graphic image by spraying or fusing ink to a page.
noninterlaced monitor A type of monitor that minimizes flicker and reduces eyestrain.
notebook computer A portable computer small enough to fit into an average-size briefcase.
numeric coprocessor A microprocessor support chip that performs mathematical computations at speeds up to one hundred times faster than the arithmetic/logic unit; integrated into newer microprocessor chips.
object linking and embedding (OLE) A tool used for joining documents in different applications. Changes in either document are reflected in the other document.
object-oriented database The newest type of database structure, well suited for multimedia applications, in which the result of a retrieval operation is an object of some kind, such as a document. Within this object are miniprograms that enable the object to perform tasks, such as displaying a graphic. Object-oriented databases can incorporate sound, video, text, and graphics into a single database record.
object-oriented programming (OOP) A programming technique that creates generic building blocks of a program (the objects). The user then assembles different sets of objects as needed to solve specific problems.
odd parity An error-checking protocol in which the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of 1 digits in a byte adds up to an even number.
on-demand television A British system, serving as a prototype in the U.S., that merges cable television and telephone service to enable subscribers to call into a computer database and order movies or shows "on demand." See also interactive television.
online information service A for-profit firm that makes current news, stock quotes, and other information available to its subscribers over standard telephone lines.
online processing Processing performed while directly connected and accessible to a computer.
open bus system A bus system that has expansion slots on the motherboard.
operating mode The current status of a program, usually displayed by a mode indicator at the bottom of the screen. Common modes are Ready and Wait.
operating system A group of programs that help the computer's components function together smoothly.
optical character recognition (OCR) Recognition of a specific typeface developed to be read by early scanners. OCR devices scan written or typed text and transform it into computer-readable form.
optical disk A large-capacity data storage medium for computers, on which information is stored at extremely high density in the form of tiny pits.
optical mark reader (OMR) A reader that senses magnetized marks made by the magnetic particles in lead from a pencil.
optical processors Experimental processors that use light rather than electrons and are several hundred times faster than the electronic circuits used today.
optical recognition system A scanning device that provides another means of minimizing keyed input by capturing data at the source.
optical scanner A scanning device that captures typed documents, pictures, graphics, or even handwriting for use by a computer.
output The results of processing information shown on a monitor or printer.
output file A file that results from data processing.
packet-switching network A wide area network that achieves high data-transmission speeds with minimal errors by dividing information into packets that are sent by the most efficient route and then reassembled and checked for accuracy at their destination.
painting program A program that enables you to paint the screen by switching on or off the individual dots or pixels that make up a bit-mapped screen display.
palmtop computer A reduced-size computer with reduced capabilities.
paragraph A unit of text that begins and ends with the Enter keystroke.
parallel conversion In a system conversion, the changing of existing data files to a new format by running both systems for a while to check that the new system gives answers at least as good as those of the old system.
parallel port A connection for the high-speed flow of data along parallel lines to a device, usually a parallel printer.
parallel processing Arranging microprocessors in a parallel pattern rather than a serial pattern; parallel processing can greatly increase the speed of supercomputers.
parallel processors Processors arranged in a parallel pattern to increase the MIPS the computer can accomplish.
parent element A data segment that begins a hierarchy.
parity bit An extra bit added to a data word for parity checking.