Conclusions

 

There were many things learned from this project. In this section we conclude by stating the major results and suggesting ways to extend aspects of Warcraft to other applications.



Major Results of the Project

The novice users found both versions of Warcraft to be fairly learnable, which was consistent with our predictions. We predicted that expert users would strongly prefer the Warcraft II interface, and the experiments confirmed this. We saw that the expert users were affected by the production paradox, failing to read the manual in order to learn features that would be useful later on. Finally, we observed that someone can become an expert user without learning the best strategies along the way.

Extensions to Application Software

One great feature of Warcraft is its prompting when an action is blocked: it says why the action was blocked and what the user must do for the action to become available. Many applications do not give such useful feedback. It is common for a menu option to be grayed out, with no indication of why the option is not available or how it can be made available.

Warcraft's overall map that displays the entire battlefield was very useful to both the novice and expert users. Some other applications have a similar feature; for example, PowerPoint allows the user to display all slides on the screen at once to get an overall view of the presentation. But still there is no way you can view the slide you are working on along with an overall view of all the slides. However, Warcraft had this feature back in the early 90's.

When a Warcraft unit is selected, the actions that unit can perform are clearly shown in the status panel. The user is never left wondering what a unit is capable of. Some other applications do something similar, but usually not as well. For example, a user can often right-click in an application to see what actions are available for an object of interest. However, this information is not available until the user right-clicks, not all objects can be right-clicked, and right clicking usually displays only some of the available functionality.

One final feature that would be useful in applications is tips that are tied to the user's actions. Warcraft II displays a tip each time the game is started, just as Windows does. A major problem with the tips is that they are never relevant to what the user is currently doing. But this does not need to be the case; when the game detects a user selecting units one at a time, it can respond with a tip that explains how to select multiple units. Microsoft Word attempts to do this, but users are often annoyed since Word "misunderstands" what the user is trying to do. This is a very difficult feature to implement effectively, and much more work will be needed to do so.