Keller Plan

In the 1960's, Fred S. Keller, J. Gilmour Sherman, and others developed a synthesis of educational methods and practices that has often been called the Keller Plan or the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) [3][2]. Key aspects of this teaching method include [1]:

go-at-your-own-pace

so students can proceed according to their abilities, interests, and personal schedules;

unit-perfection requirement

which means students must demonstrate mastery of a unit before proceeding to other units;

lectures and demonstrations for motivation

instead of for communication of critical information;

stress on the written word for teacher-student communication

which helps develop comprehension and expression skills; and

tutoring/proctoring

which allows repeats on exams, enhanced personal-social interaction, and personalized instruction.

Research studies have shown PSI to have a number of advantages over conventional educational methods, and few disadvantages. Students, especially those who would normally perform at the lower or middle levels, learn significantly more, as measured by final examinations and by tests of long-term retention (given years later). They like the classes and tutoring, and develop good habits that carry over to other courses and learning activities. Disadvantages are mostly concerning extra effort being required by the instructor, a higher drop rate in some courses (especially by students who cannot break their habits of procrastination), and extra room requirements.